Sports and Genetics: Nature, Nurture, and the Making of a Champion

By Rajesh A. M., IFS, Joint Resident Commission, Manipur Liaison Office, Bengaluru, Manipur Guest House, Mumbai and Vellore, Government of Manipur

 

Growing up in my village, I had a close friend who was my age, shared a similar physique, and was just as average as me in academics. But when it came to sports—especially kabaddi and football—he was exceptional. As a child, I believed he possessed some kind of supernatural gift. It was only years later, while studying genetics, that I came to understand what might have made the difference: his genes.

 

However, there’s more to the story. As he grew older, personal challenges began to affect his mental strength, and his athletic abilities declined. This made it clear that genes alone weren’t the entire answer. It’s the interplay of genes and environment that shapes an individual’s ability—in sports and beyond.

 

Consider legendary athletes like Pele and Usain Bolt. What made them extraordinary? Was it rigorous training, mental resilience, nutrition, environment, or sheer luck? Or did they simply inherit the perfect genetic code for their respective sports? The answer lies in a mix of all these factors. Their talents—Pele’s ability to score goals or Bolt’s record-breaking sprints—are a result of a finely tuned phenotype.

 

Understanding Phenotype and Genotype

In simple terms:

• Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual.

• Phenotype is the observable expression of that genetic makeup—shaped by genes, the environment, and their interaction.

So, whether it’s a bird building a nest or a sprinter clocking a new world record, both nature and nurture are at play. Genetics provides the blueprint, but environment helps interpret it.

The Role of Genes in Athleticism

Humans have about 20,000 to 25,000 genes, each producing specific proteins that control bodily functions. For example, the INS gene produces insulin—a vital protein for regulating blood sugar.

 

When it comes to athletic performance, over 200 genetic variants have been associated with fitness traits. Each athlete possesses a unique combination of these gene variants. One study found 23 specific gene variants linked to endurance in runners. The odds of someone carrying all 23? A staggering 1 in 1 quadrillion. This explains why every elite athlete is genetically distinct.

 

Athletes Are Evolving

In 1968, Jim Hines became the first person to run 100 meters in under 10 seconds. Usain Bolt later shattered that barrier with a time of 9.572 seconds. Meanwhile, a cheetah named Sarah ran the same distance in 5.95 seconds. Clearly, performance in sports is evolving. And while genes play a role, they are part of a broader equation that includes physical training, nutrition, technology, mental preparation, and more.

 

Genes and Geography

David Epstein’s book The Sports Gene explores how genetics shapes athletic potential. For example, the Kalenjin people of Kenya make up just 12% of the country's population but dominate long-distance running. In India, northeast states like Manipur have produced a disproportionately high number of footballers in the under-17 national team. These trends raise important scientific questions, though they must be explored carefully to avoid falling into ethnic stereotyping.

One possibility is genetic predisposition. But other contributing factors include:

• Cultural emphasis on sports

• Access to training and infrastructure

• Socio-economic background

• Mental toughness and motivation (which also have genetic links)

 

The Science of Genetic Testing

Some companies, like Atlas Sports Genetics, offer genetic testing for athletic potential. One commonly studied gene is ACTN3, which affects muscle performance. Certain variants are associated with sprinting, while others favor endurance. In theory, such tests can help identify a child’s sports strengths early.

But genetic testing raises ethical and financial concerns. It’s not always affordable or accessible. That’s why field trials—open to all children, including those outside the formal education system—remain the most practical and inclusive way to spot athletic talent.

 

Genes Aren’t Destiny

An advantageous genotype is just one piece of the puzzle. The transformation from potential to performance requires:

• Supportive environment

• Structured coaching

• Psychological strength

• Economic resources

• Community encouragement

Even the children of top athletes don’t always follow in their parents’ footsteps, highlighting how unpredictable and multifactorial sports success truly is.

 

Final Thoughts

Science affirms that genetics plays a role in athletic performance—but it doesn’t offer a crystal ball. Genetic testing is a helpful tool, not the ultimate predictor of success. The best athletes emerge from a rich mix of biology, opportunity, and determination. As we continue to explore this fascinating intersection of sports and science, one thing remains clear: talent may be born, but champions are made.

 

Views expressed are personal.

Rajesh A. M., IFS, Joint Resident Commission, Manipur Liaison Office, Bengaluru, Manipur Guest House, Mumbai and Vellore, Government of Manipur